Time-of-day differences in sensitivity to the hypothermic effects of several drugs including nicotine, ethanol and apomorphine have also been shown (Morley and Garner, 1990 Russell, 1993 Mexal et al., 2012). Furthermore, day-night differences in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor sensitization are abolished if the pineal gland (the major source of circulating melatonin) is ablated ( Uz et al., 2003 Kurtuncu et al., 2004). However, in mouse strains that do not synthesize melatonin, this time-of-day effect on cocaine sensitivity is absent ( Uz et al. For example, the psychomotor stimulant and reinforcing properties of cocaine varies with time-of-day being greater during the light versus dark phase of the light-dark cycle ( Akhisaroglu et al., 2004 Uz et al., 2002 Kurtuncu et al., 2004 Abarca et al., 2002). ![]() ![]() Findings from the rodent literature suggest a potential role for melatonin in modulating drug sensitivity. Interestingly, smoking decreases prior to sleep onset ( Mooney et al., 2006) at a time point which coincides with the rise in plasma melatonin ( Wright, Jr. For nicotine in particular, there are time-of-day differences on subjective effects, consumption and smoking intensity ( Grainge et al., 2009 Benowitz et al., 1982 Mooney et al., 2006). ![]() Strong associations are seen between being a late chronotype or a shift worker with drug abuse ( Prat and Adan, 2011).
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